G20 Brazil: The Rio Summit is a high-level briefing publication capturing the key debates, priorities and policy direction of the G20 as leaders gather in Rio de Janeiro under the banner of building a just world and a sustainable planet. It brings together influential voices from government, international organisations, business and civil society to address urgent global challenges, from climate action and energy transition to health governance and institutional reform. With contributions from world leaders and senior policymakers, the edition explores how greater cooperation, innovation and accountability can accelerate progress on sustainable development and reduce global inequality. Offering expert insight and forward-looking analysis, it serves as a valuable reference for decision-makers shaping the future of global economic and environmental governance.
The Rio Summit Brazil
2024 | globalgovernanceproject.org
A fair future for all Reaffirming the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals
The green transformation Impacts, limits and the road ahead
The future of multilateralism Pushing for global governance reform amid complex challenges
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The Rio Summit Brazil
Joanna Davies Sonja Dobson Angela Min Yi Hou Jennifer Jeffs Eisha Khan Ella Kokotsis Julia Kulik Chiara Oldani Tisya Raina Jessica Rapson Denisse Rudich Nancy E Scott Julia Tops Alissa Wang Brittaney Warren Maria Zelenova
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20 RETHINKING
13 A CLEAN ENERGY FUTURE Anthony Albanese, Prime Minister, Australia 14 INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE: A GLOBAL POWERHOUSE FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH H.E. Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair, chairman, Dubai Chambers 16 RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP Sir Keir Starmer, Prime Minister, United Kingdom
MULTILATERALISM Emmanuel Macron, President, France 21 PIONEERING GROWTH
27 MEXICO’S PATH FORWARD: HUMANISM AND TRANSFORMATION Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo, President, Mexico 28 ADVOCACY: MINAS GERAIS: A BEACON FOR GLOBAL INVESTMENT 30 EXPANDED GLOBAL LEADERSHIP Vladimir Putin, President, Russia 31 EMPOWERING MULTILATERALISM FOR A NEW GENERATION Charles Michel, President, European Council
08 ONE EARTH, ONE FAMILY, ONE FUTURE Narendra Modi, Prime Minister, India 09 SOLIDARITY, EQUALITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Cyril Ramaphosa, President, South Africa 10 CANADA AT THE G20: CHOOSING PROGRESS 06 BUILDING A JUST WORLD AND A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President, Brazil
34 PEACE, STABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN A CHALLENGING WORLD Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, President, Egypt
AND GLOBAL LEADERSHIP Mohammed bin Salman bin
Abdulaziz Al Saud, Crown Prince and Prime Minister, Saudi Arabia
22 RESTORING TRUST, DEFENDING JAPAN AND EMPOWERING CITIZENS
35 HEALTH: A SHARED
RESPONSIBILITY Jonas Gahr Støre, Prime Minister, Norway 36 ADVOCACY: EXPO CITY DUBAI: A VISION FOR THE FUTURE Ahmed Al Khatib, chief development ±ĹÚÚåĬĜƴåųƼŅþÏåųØ Expo City Dubai
Shigeru Ishiba, Prime Minister, Japan 24
17 UNITE FOR TRADE, CLIMATE AND PEACE Yoon Suk-yeol, President, Korea
IN DEFENCE OF FREEDOM Javier Milei, President, Argentina 25 THE FIVE PRINCIPLES
Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister, Canada
OF PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE Xi Jinping, President, China
32 DRIVING THE GREEN
18 PACT FOR THE FUTURE Olaf Scholz, Chancellor, Germany 19 THE WORLD IS BIGGER THAN FIVE Recep Tayyip )ųÚŅϱĹØ{ųåŸĜÚåĹƋ Türkiye
REVOLUTION Ursula von der Leyen, President, European Commission 33 FINANCING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN A TURBULENT WORLD Pedro Sánchez, President, Spain
11 GLOBAL UNITY, EQUAL VOICES Giorgia Meloni, Prime Minister, Italy 12 UPHOLDING OUR PRINCIPLES
38 PROMISING OUTCOMES ANTICIPATED AT THE G20 RIO SUMMIT
26 MUTUAL RESPECT: THE PATH TO PEACE AND PROSPERITY Prabowo Subianto, President, Indonesia
Joe Biden, President, United States
John Kirton, director, G20 Research Group
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Ɨ CLIMATE CHANGE 70 G20 PERFORMANCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE Brittaney Warren, director of compliance and
CLEAN ENERGY 80 G20 PERFORMANCE ON ENERGY Ella Kokotsis, director of accountability, G20 Research Group 82 STRENGTHENING THE RENEWABLE ENERGY
FOOD SECURITY
60 REDEFINING HEALTH IN A MULTIPOLAR WORLD
40 G20 PERFORMANCE ON AGRICULTURE AND FOOD Maria Zelenova, senior researcher, G20 Research Group
52 ADVOCACY: A GLOBAL CANCER PLAN Sarah Aiosa, president, Latin America, MSD, Isabel Mestres, chief executive
Ilona Kickbusch, founding director, Global Health Centre 62 ADVOCACY: VISION FOR ALL: A GLOBAL CALL TO TRANSFORM
REVOLUTION Interview with
sustainability governance, G20 Research Group
Francesco La Camera, director-general, IRENA
ŅþÏåųØĜƋƼ±ĹÏåų Challenge, and Dr Bettina Ryll, founder, Melanoma Patient Network Europe
42 G20 RIO: A CRUCIAL TURNING POINT FOR GLOBAL HUNGER Cindy McCain, executive director,
EYE HEALTH Anurag Hans, head of mission,
72 CLIMATE CHANGE AT A CRITICAL CROSSROADS Celeste Saulo, secretary- general, World Meteorological Organization 74 ADVOCACY: THE G20 RIO SUMMIT: SUSTAINABILITY IN FOCUS Leen Alsebai, general manager, RX Middle East, and head, World Future
EssilorLuxottica, and president, OneSight EssilorLuxottica Foundation
84 A BALANCED
54 THE G20’S ROLE IN ENSURING GLOBAL HEALTH SECURITY Winnie Byanyima, executive director, UNAIDS, and under-secretary- general, UN
World Food Programme
ENERGY FUTURE Haitham Al Ghais, secretary-general, OPEC INFRASTRUCTURE 86 G20 PERFORMANCE ON INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT Julia Tops, senior researcher, G20 Research Group
GENDER
46 PRIORITISING FOOD SECURITY AND HEALTH EQUITY FŸĵ±Ę±Ĺå)ĬŅƚ±ĀØ executive managing director, CGIAR
64 G20 PERFORMANCE ON GENDER
EQUALITY Julia Kulik,
director of strategic initiatives and public engagement, G20 Research Group
Energy Summit ENVIRONMENT
56 UNITING FOR A JUST AND SUSTAINABLE WORLD THROUGH SPORT Thomas Bach, International Olympics Committee
HEALTH
EMPLOYMENT
88 INCLUSIVE
76 G20 PERFORMANCE ON THE ENVIRONMENT Angela Min Yi Hou, senior researcher, G20 Research Group
48 G20 PERFORMANCE ON HEALTH Joanna Davies, senior researcher, G20 Research Group
PLANNING AND HOUSING FOR A BETTER WORLD Anacláudia
66 G20 PERFORMANCE ON LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT Eisha Khan, researcher, G20 Research Group
Rossbach, executive director, UN-Habitat, and under-secretary- general, United Nations 90 MOBILISING INVESTMENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE AMID GLOBAL CRISES Jane Jamieson, program manager, Advisory Facility and Quality Infrastructure Investment Partnership, World Bank Group Public-Private Infrastructure
58 ADVOCACY:
BUILDING TRUST FOR A HEALTHIER WORLD Axel Radlach Pries, president, World Health Summit
50 INVESTING IN HEALTH Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director general,
78 EMPOWERING INDIGENOUS GUARDIANS Sonia Guajajara, minister of state for Indigenous peoples, Brazil
68 BRIDGING THE AI DIVIDE: ENSURING INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND JOB QUALITY Gilbert F Houngbo, director-general, International Labour Organization
World Health Organization
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Contents
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MACROECONOMIC POLICY
130 BRAZIL AT THE G20 SUMMIT: REFORM OR DELIVERY? Andrew F Cooper, Balsillie School of FĹƋåųűƋĜŅűĬeý±ĜųŸ
120 TOURISM: A PATH TO SUSTAINABILITY Zurab Pololikashvili, secretary-general, UN Tourism
92 G20
PERFORMANCE ON MACROECONOMIC POLICY Alissa Wang, senior researcher, G20 Research Group
102 NEW MONEY: A CRUCIAL JUNCTURE FOR THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL PAYMENTS IåĹĹĜüåųIåýŸØŸåĹĜŅų research associate in čĬŅƱĬĀűĹÏåØ:ƖLj Research Group
110 FORGING A BETTER FUTURE FOR ALL
Interview with Achim Steiner, administrator, United Nations Development Programme
122 BRAZIL’S G20 PRESIDENCY CHAMPIONS CULTURE FOR GLOBAL EQUITY Margareth Menezes, minister of culture, Brazil 124 ADVOCACY: YAYASAN SABAH GROUP: PIONEERING SUSTAINABILITY Datuk Dr Hajah Rosmawati Haji Lasuki JP, chief åƻåÏƚƋĜƴåŅþÏåųØ Sabah International Convention Centre
132 AI CAN POWER BRAZIL’S G20 VISION Jessica Rapson, senior researcher, G20 Research Group 134 TRACKING PROGRESS ON THE 2023 G20 NEW DELHI SUMMIT GOALS Tisya Raina and Brinda Batra, co-chairs, summit studies, G20 Research Group 136 THE SUSTAINABLE FINANCE AGENDA AND G20’S ENGAGEMENT GROUPS Paulo Esteves, PUC-Rio and BRICS Policy Center 138 INDIA’S G20 LEGACY Amitabh Kant, G20 sherpa, India
94 BUILDING A FAIRER AND
DIGITALISATION
TAXATION
GREENER WORLD Mathias Cormann, secretary-general, OECD
114 G20 PERFORMANCE ON DIGITALISATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Nancy E Scott, legal director, G20 Research Group
104 A STEP FORWARD IN GLOBAL TAX COOPERATION Manal Corwin, director, OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
96 REVITALISING GROWTH THROUGH STRATEGIC POLICIES Mark Sobel, ÏʱĜųØkþÏĜ±Ĭ Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum
TRADE AND INVESTMENT
ă
CRIME AND CORRUPTION
116 BRIDGING THE AI DIVIDE: ENSURING EQUITABLE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT Doreen Bogdan-Martin, secretary-general, ITU
FINANCIAL STABILITY
106 STRENGTHENING CUSTOMS INDUSTRY TRUST IN A CHANGING ECONOMY Ian Saunders, secretary-general, World Customs Organization
126 THE FIGHT AGAINST MONEY LAUNDERING AND TERRORIST FINANCE Interview with Elisa de Anda Madrazo, president, Financial Action Task Force
98 FINANCIAL
140 AN AFRICAN
STABILITY FOR A SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE GLOBAL ECONOMY Klaas Knot,
AGENDA FOR GLOBAL FINANCIAL REFORM Moussa Faki Mahamat, chair, African Union Commission 142 TAKING THE G20 HELM: PRIORITISING SOCIAL ISSUES Interview with Elizabeth Sidiropoulos, chief executive, South African Institute ŅüFĹƋåųűƋĜŅűĬeý±ĜųŸ
DEVELOPMENT
118 SHAPING AN INCLUSIVE DIGITAL FUTURE
chair, Financial Stability Board
128 ECOCIDE: CONFRONTING ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME Denisse Rudich, director, G20 and G7 Research Groups (London), and CEO, Rudich Advisory
Kenddrick Chan, LSE IDEAS, and Chris Alden, professor of international relations, LSE
108 G20 PERFORMANCE ON DEVELOPMENT Sonja Dobson, senior researcher, G20 Research Group
100 RISING GLOBAL FINANCIAL RISKS Chiara Oldani, professor of monetary economics, University of Viterbo ‘La Tuscia’
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WELCOME
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva President, Brazil Building a Just World and a Sustainable Planet
B razil is working hard to ensure the G20 agenda can present concrete advancements. At the core of our priorities is the fight against inequality in all its forms. This concern permeates the three pillars that guide our presidency. The first is social inclusion. In July, we adopted the foundations of the Global Alliance against Hunger and Poverty, which is now open for membership and will be officially launched in November. The Alliance will mobilize technical and financial resources to promote a pool of public policies with confirmed efficacy against these scourges. The second pillar is addressing climate change. The G20 is responsible for 80% of all greenhouse emissions. Its leadership in the mission to [restrain] global warming to one and a half degrees will make a huge difference for the entire planet. Brazil has brought to the climate debate stakeholders such as central banks and public development banks so as to ensure a just transition. We have approved the first document on the bioeconomy that was multilaterally agreed upon.
The third pillar is the reform of global governance … If the wealthy countries wish to have the support of the developing world to address the multiple crises of our time, the Global South must be fully represented in the main decision-making forums. This requires at least three major focus areas, which are reflected in the Call for Action endorsed by the G20 … The first is to eliminate the strongly regressive character of [the] international financing architecture. Developing countries face disproportionate costs and difficulties for obtaining funding when compared to the rich countries. Interest rates imposed upon the Global South countries are much higher than those applied to developed nations. The level of debt that severely affects some developing countries strangles any investment in infrastructure, well-being, and sustainability. In 2022, the difference between the amounts paid by the developing world to foreign creditors and that which it received was 49 billion dollars. There is more money coming out of these countries than going in. Taxes on the super-rich is a way to combat inequality and direct resources to
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product] to almost 14% over the last three decades … The super-rich pay proportionally much less tax than the working classes. To correct this anomaly, Brazil has insisted on international cooperation to develop minimum global tax standards, strengthening existing initiatives and including billionaires. Alongside the African Union, which is participating for the first time as a full member of the G20, we have been warning about the debt problem. Today we see an absurd net transfer of resources from the poorest countries to the richest. Collective well-being cannot be financed if a significant part of the budget is consumed by debt servicing. Hunger and climate change are two scourges that are mutually aggravating. The existence of those who are hungry is trapped in the pain of the present. They become incapable of thinking about tomorrow. Reducing socio-economic vulnerabilities paves the way for a just transition, builds resilience in the face of extreme events and strengthens efforts against global warming. Planetary energy transition and decarbonization are opportunities in this fight against hunger. The motto of Brazil’s G20 presidency – “Building a Just World and a Sustainable Planet” – seems unattainable, but today we are taking a decisive step towards its fulfillment. Hunger and poverty inhibit the full exercise of citizenship and weaken democracy itself. Eradicating them is equivalent to real political emancipation for millions of people. As long as there are families without food on the table, children on the streets and young people without hope, there will be no peace. A just world is a world in which people have unimpeded access to food, health, housing, education and decent jobs. These conditions are essential to building prosperous, free, democratic and sovereign societies. … It is unacceptable that, halfway through the 21st century, while already discussing ... artificial intelligence (before being able to use the natural intelligence that we all have), we are still obliged to discuss this, saying to our political leaders around the world: “Please look at the poor, because they are human beings. They are people and they want to have opportunities.” Launch of the Task Force for a Global Alliance against Hunger and Poverty, 24 July 2024
development priorities and climate action. The UN and its Secretary-General must once again occupy a central role in the discussions about economic and financial issues of global relevance. When the IMF [International Monetary Fund] and the World Bank were created, their executive boards had 12 seats for a universe of 44 countries. Today, there are 25 seats for over 193 countries. If the original proportions had been kept, these boards should now have at least 52 seats. This logic of exclusion is reproduced [at] several levels. In the green funds, forested and megadiverse countries are forced to share seats while wealthy countries occupy exclusive seats. The second pillar is rethinking the international trade system … The WTO [World Trade Organization] is currently paralyzed due to geopolitical and economic interests. Reversing the new drive towards protectionism, which disproportionately impairs the developing countries, is key to ensuring more equitable trade … The third is promoting a comprehensive reform of the UN … The General Assembly is the UN’s most democratic level. In it, each State, regardless of the size of its population or its economy, has the right to express its voice. We must also strengthen other bodies, such as the Economic and Social Council. The ECOSOC must occupy its place at the forefront of the promotion of sustainable development. It must fulfill a more active role in monitoring the goals of the 2030 Agenda and beyond, and of the climate commitments. In its current configuration, the Security Council has proven incapable of solving conflicts, and even less capable of preventing them. Its procedures lack transparency. Its decisions lack coherence. Millions of people suffer the consequences of this inefficiency. With more representativeness, especially from Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, we will stand more chances to overcome the polarization that paralyzes the council. So that is why Brazil considers [presenting] a proposal to call for a conference to review the UN Charter. G20 foreign ministers’ meeting, 25 September 2024 The Global Alliance against Hunger and Poverty … will be the most important
legacy of Brazil’s G20 presidency. Its goal is to give renewed impetus to existing initiatives by aligning efforts at the domestic and international levels. We want to get the Sustainable Development Goals back on track. In 2008, the G20 was crucial to preventing the collapse of the global economy. Now, world leaders are faced with the opportunity to respond to this other systemic challenge … The distorted representation at the helm of the IMF and the World Bank is an obstacle to tackling today’s complex problems. Without more effective and fairer governance, in which the Global South is adequately represented, problems such as hunger and poverty will be recurrent. This is another priority of our G20 presidency. Dealing with inequality will also be part of this effort. The wealth of billionaires has risen from 4% of the world’s GDP [gross domestic
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LEADERS’ VIEWS
Narendra Modi Prime Minister, India This year as well as for a few years in the past, natural disasters are becoming a huge cause of concern for us. Many people have lost their family and property, the nation has also incurred huge losses several times … Every district has now started thinking in the direction of exporting [their] product under One District One Product. The districts had taken the resolve of Renewable energy. India has achieved more in this sector than G-20 Nations collectively. India is working hard to become self-reliant in the energy sector and to resolve the challenges caused by Global warming … Today, as the entire world is concerned One Earth, one family, one future about Mother Earth, we see the health of our soil deteriorating day by day due to the use of fertilizers. The productivity of our Mother Earth (soil) is also depleting and declining. I see that the entire world is turning towards holistic healthcare where organic food has emerged as the preferred choice. If there
O n behalf of India, the world’s history held recently in June, the people of India have given me the opportunity to serve them, for a third consecutive term. And today I bring the voice of this one sixth of humanity to you … When we are discussing [the] Global Future, we must accord the highest priority to a Human centric approach. While prioritizing sustainable development, we must also ensure human welfare, food and health security. By lifting 250 million people out of poverty in India, we have demonstrated that Sustainable Development can be Successful. And we are ready to share this experience of our success with the entire Global South … [The] success of Humanity lies in our largest democracy, and 1.4 billion Indians, Greetings to all of you. In the largest elections in human collective strength, not in the battlefield. And for global peace and development, reforms in global institutions are essential. Reform is the key to relevance! Permanent membership [in] the G20 [of] the African Union at the New Delhi Summit was an important step in this direction. While on the one hand, terrorism continues to be a serious threat to global peace and security, on the other hand, areas such as cyber, maritime and space, are emerging as new theaters of conflict. On all these issues, I will stress, that Global Action must match Global Ambition! … There is a need for balanced regulation for the safe and responsible use of Technology. We need global digital governance, conflict. On all at Global Action n! … ed regulation for e of Technology. rnance, l sovereignty gital Public Bridge, not a which ensures that national sovereignty and integrity are upheld. Digital Public Infrastructure should be a Bridge, not a Barrier! For [the] Global Good, India is ready to share its digital public infrastructure with the entire world … od, India is ready frastructure with
is any nation that can create a global food basket of organic food, it is my country and its farmers … We are striving to ensure that the lives of farmers are made easier, villages have top-class internet connectivity, farmers have access to healthcare facilities and their children get access to smart schools as well as employment opportunities … [The] future of the world is connected with semiconductors, modern technology and AI [artificial intelligence]. We have embarked on the semiconductor mission and aspire to have Made In India products which are available at competitive rates for the world. We have great talent pools and our youth should dream big in this sector. India has been into research and now we should move towards manufacturing as well. We have the capability and prowess to provide end to end solutions to the world in this sector … Today, global warming and climate change are pressing issues and are being discussed across various sectors worldwide. Bharat has undertaken numerous initiatives in this regard. We have demonstrated our commitment through tangible actions, not mere words, and have achieved results that have astonished the world. We were pioneers in banning single-use plastics and have significantly advanced our renewable energy efforts, infusing new strength in this field. We are moving towards a net-zero future in the coming years and I remember the targets set in the Paris Accord. From the ramparts of the Red Fort, I wish to highlight the achievements of my countrymen. What the G-20 nations could not accomplish, our citizens have achieved. If any G-20 country has met its Paris Accord targets ahead of time, it is only my country, my Bharat. I take immense pride in this accomplishment. We have met our renewable energy targets and are ambitiously working towards reaching the target of 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030. It’s indeed a massive goal! The world may be efforts, infusing new strength in th are moving towards a net-zero futu coming years and I remember the t in the Paris Accord. From the ramp Red Fort, I wish to highlight the ac of my countrymen. What the G-20 n could not accomplish, our citizens achieved. If any G-20 country has m Paris Accord targets ahead of time my country, my Bharat. I take imm in this accomplishment. We have m renewable energy targets and are a working towards reaching the targe 500 GW of renewable energy 2030. It’s indeed a mas goal! The world may
For India, ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’ is a commitment. This commitment is also reflected in e Family, nt. This din
our initiatives such as ‘One Earth, One Health’, and ‘One Sun, One World, One Grid’. India will continue to work in thought, words and deeds to protect the rights of all humanity and for global prosperity. Address to the Summit of the Future, 23 September 2024 e s
astonished by this goal, but I confidently assure my fellow countrymen that we will achieve it. This will benefit humanity, secure our future, and ensure a bright future for our children. Address on Independence Day, 15 August 2024 astonished by this confidently assur countrymen tha achieve it. This w humanity, secu future, and ens future for our c Address on In Day, 15 Augus
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Cyril Ramaphosa President, South Africa S outh Africa is committed to the reinvigoration of multilateralism and the reform of global governance institutions to make them more representative. It is not without significance that the countries of [the] current [G20] troika are all from the Global South. The reform of the global financial
Solidarity, equality and sustainable development
architecture in particular must be the rising tide that lifts the fortunes of the most needy and vulnerable. Deepening inequality and chronic under-development are the cost if we fail to act now. The quest for mutual, shared and equitable prosperity necessitates that we undertake bold and decisive reforms to create a stable and inclusive international financial architecture. These reforms are urgently needed to broaden and strengthen the participation of developing economies in international economic decision-making. South Africa is concerned about the slow progress in reforming the Multilateral Trading system. While the WTO’s [World Trade Organization’s] Ministerial Council 13 has registered some progress, much work remains to be done to ensure global trade is development focused and sensitive to climate change imperatives. South Africa assumes the G20 Presidency from 1 December 2024 to November 2025. This is approximately five years before the deadline of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The next five Presidencies of the G20 must focus their efforts on accelerating progress towards the attainment of the SDGs [Sustainable Development Goals] … Just 12 per cent of the SDG targets are on track. Progress on 50 per cent is weak and insufficient. On more than 30 per cent of the SDGs we have stalled or gone into reverse. If we are to meet the 2030 deadline a paradigm shift is necessary. South Africa has adopted as the theme for its G20 Presidency: ‘Solidarity, Equality and Sustainable Development’. We aim to mobilise the countries of the world towards taking practical steps that will resolve global challenges, while strengthening international cooperation within a rules-based system.
In this, we are guided by the priorities contained in the AU’s [African Union’s] Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. We will work in close collaboration with the African Union, which has now been admitted as a G20 member. South Africa’s G20 Presidency provides us with an opportunity to advocate for and mobilise support for the developing economies of Africa and the Global South. In doing so we will build on the efforts and successes of the Indonesian, Indian and Brazilian G20 Presidencies. With less than six years to go before the 2030 deadline for the achievement of the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development, we are at a crucial inflection point in humankind’s history. The imperative of sustainable development has become all the more crucial. It cannot be business as usual. It cannot be more platitudes and empty promises. Even amidst all the uncertainty in our world today, we have a unique opportunity to change course for development, for the common good, and for common prosperity. As the G20 we have an important role to play in fulfilling the aspirations of the UN Charter – of social progress and of better standards of life in larger freedom. In this regard, the UN Charter highlights the employment of international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples. By strengthening and reforming multilateral mechanisms and institutions; by deepening international economic cooperation, we can indeed realise a better world free from the twin scourges of inequality and underdevelopment. The time is now. Address to the G20 High Level Opening Session, 25 September 2024
In an interconnected world, the challenges faced by one nation affect all nations. Through solidarity we seek to advance a unified effort and mutual support among member nations. By advancing equality we seek to ensure fair treatment, opportunities and advancement for all individuals and nations. This must be irrespective of their economic status, gender, race, geographic location or other characteristics. Sustainable development is about meeting the needs of the present without The pace of mobilising the necessary resources to ensure that countries with developing economies meet the SDGs doesn’t just have to be accelerated, it has to be indeed turbo-charged. compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. South Africa’s G20 Presidency will place Africa’s developmental priorities at the top of its agenda. A prosperous, developed and stable Africa is a central pillar of our foreign policy.
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LEADERS’ VIEWS
Justin Trudeau Prime Minister, Canada
Canada at the G20: choosing progress T he G20 was founded on the idea that countries can work together to find shared solutions to shared challenges. By hosting a forum with members from around the world whose leaders may not see each other regularly, we create opportunities to make progress on the greatest issues of our time. Canada has played a leadership role in the creation and continued significance of the G20. In 1999, Canadian finance minister Paul Martin fought for its creation and served as the G20’s first chair. His vision was an inherently Canadian one – to focus on translating the benefits of globalisation into higher outcomes and better opportunities. In short, making life better and fairer for people around the world. The past decade was marked by major change and compounding challenges – a global pandemic, a climate crisis, devastating conflicts, technological leaps and economic shocks. With this unprecedented change, there has been a divergence in approaches and priorities within the G20. While countries like Canada are choosing democracy and progress, others are becoming increasingly autocratic, fracturing peace, stability and the rules-based international order. This runs counter to the values that the G20 was founded upon. This year, as I attend my 10th G20 summit as Canada’s prime minister, we face some of our greatest challenges yet. Under Brazil’s presidency, the G20 has focused on the theme of ‘Building a Just World and a Sustainable Planet’, mounting an important agenda focused on addressing inequalities and achieving sustainable development. At this year’s summit, Canada will work to strengthen democracy, ed on the theme of le Planet’, mounting essing inequalities nt. At this year’s en democracy, urity and Sustainable take climate action, defend global security and make progress on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Communities around the world are already facing the devastating impacts of climate change. In Canada, we have witnessed the most destructive forest fires in recent years. Similar natural disasters have wreaked havoc across the globe. That is why our shared work lready facing the . In Canada, we orest fires in recent wreaked havoc ed work
put us back on track to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Aligning G20 priorities with the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels will go a long way in achieving this endeavour. As we build stronger economies, we must also empower communities who are disproportionately affected by climate change, such as women and girls and Indigenous peoples. Importance must also be given to new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, which are developing rapidly. As we build resilient economies and supply chains, we need to close digital divides, improve digital literacy, increase awareness about misinformation and disinformation, and write the rules of the road for AI together, so that it works for us and not against us. Canada’s work also extends to gender equality, bolstered by the G20 Alliance for the Empowerment and Progression of Women’s Economic Representation as well as the Women 20 and other civil society engagement groups. With the new G20 Empowerment of Women Working Group, convened for the first time this year, Canada will maintain the momentum on gender equality. As inequalities between and within countries continue to rise, Canada remains committed to improving our multilateral institutions to ensure they work better, including for the middle class. The reality is that we cannot make progress on G20 priorities without addressing the accountability of some of its members. Russia’s illegal invasion of Ukraine was a direct attack on sovereignty, territorial integrity and human rights. In the face of Russia’s attack, Ukraine fought back, and Canada’s support for Ukraine remains steadfast. Ukraine is fighting for its culture and identity, and for democracy – and Canada will stand with it for as long as it takes. Like many other G20 members, Canada is deeply concerned about the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the terrible situation faced by the civilian population. Canada calls for an immediate ceasefire, for the release of all remaining hostages, for de-escalation and for all parties to respect international law. We must also continue to respond to the humanitarian needs of the Haitian people. Canada supports the Multinational Security Support mission in the country, as well as Haitian-led solutions to the conflict that will make a meaningful difference in helping the country address its immediate needs and create a better, more prosperous future for its people. Putting an end to wars and conflict and the immense suffering and devastation faced by affected populations – whether in Ukraine, the Middle East, Haiti, Africa or elsewhere – is imperative for building a thriving global economy. There is a lot of work ahead of us at this summit amid massive challenges, intense disagreements and a rising tide of distrust in our institutions. It is up to countries like Canada to step up. In the face of these challenges, end to wars and confl devastation faced by Ukraine, the Middle imperative for buildi There is a lot of wor massive challenges, in tide of distrust in our Canada to step Canad wav thi Canada will not falter. Canada will not waver. Canada chooses progress. At this year’s G20 summit, we will deliver concrete results and build a world that’s better, fairer and more prosperous. co be Support mission in the coun to the conflict that will ma helping the country add a better, more prosper
must start with progress to protect our planet and transition to clean energy. Taking bold climate action will cut emissions, create well-paying jobs and d
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G20 BRAZIL: THE RIO SUMMIT — 2024
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T he challenges that history has placed before us are manifold and multiform: climate change, social and economic inequalities, humanitarian and health crises, transnational crime, and armed conflicts – starting with Russia’s unacceptable war of aggression on the sovereign nation of Ukraine – that make international security increasingly precarious. Faced with such a complex scenario, we have no choice but to act … We all know that no State can effectively master current challenges on its own, and that is why Italy is a committed supporter of multilateralism and of its most representative institution, the United Nations – the forum where each and every voice is heard, where we are called to learn, to understand each other and to respect each other. A reform makes sense if performed for everyone and not just for some. We are not interested in creating new hierarchies, and we do not believe there are Class A Nations and Class B Nations. There are simply Nations, with their own histories, specificities, and citizens, who all have the same rights, because individuals are born free and equal. This also means we must think about cooperation between Nations in a new way. Italy has done so, for example, with the Mattei Plan for Africa, an investment plan designed to cooperate with African Nations through an approach that is neither paternalistic nor charitable or predatory, but based on respect and the right for each one of us to compete on equal terms. It is our recipe to promote the development of a continent too often undervalued, build its stability, and finally guarantee one right that until now has been denied to too many young people – the right not to have to emigrate. Of course, any organisation is effective if its rules are fair and mutually agreed. That is why we are convinced that any reform of the UN governance, particularly regarding its Security Council, cannot disregard the principles of equality, democracy, and representativeness. Giorgia Meloni Prime Minister, Italy
The … West is in danger of becoming a less credible interlocutor. The so-called Global South is demanding more influence. Developing nations that are by now largely established are autonomously collaborating among themselves. Autocracies are gaining ground on democracies, and we risk looking more and more like a closed and self-referential fortress. In Italy, to reverse this course, we decided to launch for example the Mattei Plan for Africa, a model of cooperation based on an equal footing to build a new, long-term partnership with African countries … We know how to face the impossible challenges that this era confronts us with only when we learn from because we remember that, centuries ago, we fought to abolish slavery. We defend nature and humankind, because we know that without the responsible work of humans it is not possible to build a more sustainable future. As we develop artificial intelligence, we attempt to govern its risks because we fought to be free and we do not intend to trade our freedom in exchange for greater comfort. We know how to read these phenomena because our civilisation has given us the tools. The time we live in requires us to choose what we want to be and what path we want to take. We can continue to fuel the idea of the decline of the West, we can surrender to the idea that our civilisation has nothing more to say, no more routes to chart. Or we can remember who we are, learn also from our mistakes, add our own piece of the story to this extraordinary walk, and govern what the lessons of the past. We defend Ukraine for we have known the chaos of a world in which the law of the strongest prevails. We fight human traffickers happens around us, to leave our children a better world. Which is exactly my choice. Speech at the Atlantic Council Global Citizen Awards, 23 September 2024
Global unity, equal voices
And when talking about development, we cannot fail to address the new frontiers of technological innovation, starting with generative artificial intelligence – a phenomenon on which, I am afraid, there is still insufficient awareness. Artificial intelligence is, first and foremost, a great multiplier. But the question we need to answer is: what do we want to multiply? To put it bluntly, if this multiplier were used to cure still incurable diseases, then it would contribute to the common good. But if, on the other hand, that multiplier were to be used to further upset global balances, then the resulting scenarios would be potentially catastrophic. Machines will not answer these questions. We can do it; politics must do it. And it is politics that must guarantee that artificial intelligence remains human-controlled and human-centric. These are all issues … that Italy placed at the core of the agenda of its G7 Presidency this year. Speech at the Summit of the Future, New York, 23 September 2024
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globalgovernanceproject.org G20 BRAZIL: THE RIO SUMMIT — 2024
2024 — G20 BRAZIL: THE RIO SUMMIT globalgovernanceproject.org
LEADERS’ VIEWS
Joe Biden President, United States
I recognize the challenges from Ukraine to Gaza to Sudan and beyond: war, hunger, terrorism, brutality, record displacement of people, a climate crisis, democracy at risk, strains within our societies, the promise of artificial intelligence and its significant risks … Our task, our test is to make sure that the forces holding us together are stronger than those that are pulling us apart, that the principles of partnership that we came here each year to uphold can withstand the challenges, that the center holds once again … To start, each of us in this body has made a commitment to the principles of the U.N. Charter, to stand up against aggression. When Russia invaded Ukraine, we could have stood by and merely protested. But Vice President [Kamala] Harris and I understood that that was an assault on everything this institution is supposed to stand for. And so, at my direction, America stepped into the breach, providing massive security and economic and humanitarian assistance. Our NATO [North American Treaty Organization] Allies and partners in 50-plus nations stood up as well. But most importantly, the Ukrainian people stood up. And I ask the people of this chamber to stand up for them. The good news is [Vladimir] Putin’s war has failed in ... his core aim. He set out to destroy Ukraine, but Ukraine is still free. He set out to weaken NATO, but NATO is bigger, stronger, and more united than ever before with two new members, Finland and Sweden. But we cannot let up. The world now has another choice to make: Will we sustain our support to help Ukraine win this war and preserve its freedom or walk away and let aggression be renewed and a nation be destroyed? I know my answer. We cannot grow weary. We cannot look away. And we will not let up on our support for Ukraine, not until Ukraine wins a just and durable peace [based] on the U.N. Charter. We also need to uphold our principles as we seek to responsibly manage the competition with China so it does not veer into conflict. We stand ready to cooperate on urgent challenges for the good of our people and the people everywhere. We recently resumed cooperation with China to stop the flow of deadly synthetic narcotics. I appreciate the collaboration. It matters for the people in my country and many others around the world.
We’ve taken the most ambitious climate actions in history. We’ve moved to rejoin the Paris Agreement on day one. And today, my country is finally on track to cut emissions in half by 2030, on track to honor my pledge to quadruple climate financing to developing nations with $11 billion thus far this year. We’ve rejoined the World Health Organization and donated nearly 700 million doses of COVID vaccine to 117 countries. We must now move quickly to face [the] mpox outbreak in Africa. We are prepared to commit $500 million to help African countries prevent and respond to mpox and to donate 1 million doses of mpox vaccine now … The United States, the G7, and our partners have embarked on an ambitious initiative to mobilize and deliver significant financing to the developing world. We are working to help countries build out their infrastructure, [for the] clean energy transition, [for] their digital transformation to lay new economic foundations for a prosperous future. It’s called the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment … We have to keep it going … We must build a stronger, more effective, and more inclusive United Nations. The U.N. needs to adapt to bring in new voices and new perspectives. That’s why we support reforming and expanding the membership of the U.N. Security Council … Artificial intelligence is going to change our ways of life, our ways of work, and our ways of war. It could usher in scientific progress at a pace never seen before. And much of it could make our lives better. But AI also brings profound risks, from deepfakes to disinformation to novel pathogens to bioweapons … As countries and companies race to uncertain frontiers, we need an equally urgent effort to ensure AI’s safety, security, and trustworthiness. As AI grows more powerful, it also must grow more responsive to our collective needs and values. The benefits of all must be shared equitably. It should be harnessed to narrow, not deepen, digital divides … We must make certain that the awesome capabilities of AI will be used to uplift and empower everyday people, not to give dictators more powerful shackles on the human spirit. In the years ahead, there may well be no greater test of our leadership than how we deal with AI. Address to the United Nations General Assembly, 24 September 2024
Upholding our principles On matters of conviction, the United States is unabashed, pushing back against unfair economic competition and against military coercion of other nations in the South China Sea, in maintaining peace and stability across the Taiwan Straits, in protecting our most advanced technologies so they cannot be used against us or any of our partners. At the same time, we’re going to continue to strengthen our network of alliances and partnerships across the Indo-Pacific … We are also working to bring a greater measure of peace and stability to the Middle East. Progress toward peace will put us in a stronger position to deal with the ongoing threat posed by Iran. Together, we must deny oxygen to its terrorist proxies, which have called for more October 7ths, and ensure that Iran will never, ever obtain a nuclear weapon … But people need more than the absence of war. They need the chance to live in dignity. They need to be protected from the ravages of climate change, hunger, and disease. Our administration has invested over $150 billion to make progress [on these] and other Sustainable Development Goals. It includes $20 billion for food security and over $50 billion for global health. We’ve mobilized billions more in private-sector investment.
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Anthony Albanese Prime Minister, Australia
M y vision [is] for an economy that works for people, not the other way around ... A growing economy with good, secure jobs that strengthen families and communities. Fair wages that reward hard work and nourish aspiration. And the new skills, clean energy, innovation, infrastructure, competition and technology to boost our productivity and lift our living standards. An economy where we do not hide from change, or run from it – but strive to shape it and make it work for our people and our nation … Australia has a faster rate of economic growth than most of the G7. With a lower unemployment rate. Stronger jobs growth. A higher participation rate. Smaller gross debt. And, unlike every nation in the G7, we are delivering budget surpluses … But we know there is more to do, especially when it comes to helping Australians with their cost of living. There are three vital ways we do this: Getting wages up for workers. Getting costs down for families. And getting the Budget onto a stronger foundation, putting downward pressure on inflation … Our Future Made in Australia Act ... builds on the work we have been doing for two years to put Australia at the economic centre of the global shift to net zero. Delivering the clear, detailed, costed energy plan we took to the last election and secured a mandate to deliver. A plan to end the uncertainty of the climate wars and seize the opportunities of the move to renewables. That started with legislating our 43 per cent 2030 emissions target and our commitment to net zero by 2050 … This is why we have already seen a 25 per cent increase in renewables in the national grid in just two years. Backed by record new investment in batteries and storage. Meaning we are already half way to meeting our 2030 renewables target … Solar and wind and green hydrogen are energy sources where Australia has a powerful natural advantage. And in a world where 92 per cent of the global economy is signed up to Net Zero, we can turn clean energy into a source of enduring comparative advantage, powering a new generation of advanced manufacturing … The generation, storage and transmission infrastructure that will make Australia a renewable energy superpower. And the refining, processing and manufacturing
connection to every nation and culture. And we are located on the doorstep of the fastest growing region of the world in human history. Our vision for a future made in Australia says that all these national strengths and advantages can be brought together to build something greater than the sum of the parts. Striving for more than watching other nations create jobs and add value to our resources, before we buy the finished product back at a higher price. Aspiring for more than Australian scientists and researchers having to go overseas to commercialise their breakthroughs. And delivering more for our growing suburbs and regional communities. Opening the doors of opportunity by creating new university hubs and TAFE [technical and further education] places in our regions. Building more homes and infrastructure – the ports and roads and rail that create local jobs in construction and connect farmers and producers and manufacturers to national and global markets. And ensuring that the transformative economic opportunities of clean energy are shared with the communities and workers who will deliver it. Our vision for a future made in Australia, is powered by our clean energy plan … Australia has every resource imaginable to succeed in this decisive decade. Critical minerals, rare earths, skills and space and sunlight, the trade ties to our region. The only thing our nation does not have, is time to waste. In the two years I’ve had the extraordinary honour of serving as the 31st Prime Minister of Australia, I’ve visited communities in every part of our nation that have been devastated by natural disasters. People battling floods, bushfires, drought – and the long, hard work of rebuilding. These are reminders of the risk that extreme weather and climate change present to our country. But in these, the worst of times, I’ve been witness to the best of Australians: resilience, courage and compassion … That’s how we continue to build an economy that works for people, not the other way around. A nation where no-one is held back, and no-one is left behind. A better future, made right here in Australia. Address to the Committee for Economic Development of Australia’s State of the Nation Conference, 27 June 2024
A clean energy future
centres that will create a new generation of good, secure jobs. Bringing a new wave of industry and opportunity to our regions and suburbs alike. Investing in our energy sovereignty, to strengthen our economic security … This is about lifting Australia up the international value chain, by lifting our national ambition. Australia is the best in the world at extracting and exporting our natural resources. We set global standards in safety and sustainability and skill. And this will always be a vital part of our economic success. We also have the best clean energy resources in the world – the critical minerals and rare earths under the ground, the sunlight overhead. Some of the best universities and researchers and innovators in the world. Some of the most skilled workers in the world. One of the best social safety nets in the world. One of the most diverse and harmonious societies in the world, with diaspora communities that give us a family
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globalgovernanceproject.org G20 BRAZIL: THE RIO SUMMIT — 2024
2024 — G20 BRAZIL: THE RIO SUMMIT globalgovernanceproject.org
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